Logical fallacies

Errors in reasoning that make an argument invalid or misleading, regardless of the conclusion.

Attacking the person making an argument instead of the argument itself.

Drawing a general conclusion from a single story or personal experience.

Using a person's status as proof of a claim, instead of the evidence behind the claim.

Substituting an emotional reaction for an argument about the facts.

Treating how many people believe a claim as evidence that the claim is true.

Supporting a claim with the claim itself, dressed up in different words.

Framing a choice as two options when more exist.

Judging a claim by its source, origin, or history instead of its content.

Redefining a category on the fly to exclude counterexamples, protecting a claim about the category.

Assuming that because one thing followed another, the first caused the second.

Introducing an irrelevant topic to distract from the actual argument.

Claiming a small step will inevitably cause a chain of extreme consequences, without showing why.

Replacing someone's argument with a weaker version, then knocking down the weaker version.

Dismissing a critique by pointing out that the critic is guilty of the same thing.