Logical fallacies

Ad Hominem

Attacking the person making an argument instead of the argument itself.

Anecdotal Evidence

Drawing a general conclusion from a single story or personal experience.

Appeal to Authority

Using a person's status as proof of a claim, instead of the evidence behind the claim.

Appeal to Emotion

Substituting an emotional reaction for an argument about the facts.

Appeal to Ignorance

Treating the absence of evidence against a claim as evidence for it, or vice versa.

Appeal to Nature

Treating "natural" as evidence that something is good or safe, and "unnatural" as evidence that it is harmful.

Appeal to Tradition

Treating the age of a practice as the justification for it, rather than as one weak piece of evidence.

Bandwagon

Treating how many people believe a claim as evidence that the claim is true.

Broken Window Fallacy

Counting the visible benefits of an event while ignoring what the same resources would otherwise have done.

Cherry Picking

Presenting only the evidence that supports your case and ignoring the rest.

Circular Reasoning

Supporting a claim with the claim itself, dressed up in different words.

Equivocation

Using a word in two different senses within the same argument, as if they were the same.

Fallacy Fallacy

Concluding that a claim is false because the argument offered for it was flawed.

False Cause

Concluding that one thing caused another based on correlation or sequence alone.

False Dichotomy

Framing a choice as two options when more exist.

False Equivalence

Treating two things as equivalent when they differ in ways that matter to the argument.

Genetic Fallacy

Judging a claim by its source, origin, or history instead of its content.

Hasty Generalization

Drawing a broad conclusion from a sample too small or unrepresentative to support it.

Loaded Question

Asking a question that smuggles in an unproven assumption the answerer can't address without conceding it.

Middle Ground

Assuming the truth must lie halfway between two positions, simply because those are the two positions on offer.

Nirvana Fallacy

Rejecting a workable option because it falls short of a perfect one that is not actually available.

No True Scotsman

Redefining a category on the fly to exclude counterexamples, protecting a claim about the category.

Post Hoc

Assuming that because one thing followed another, the first caused the second.

Red Herring

Introducing an irrelevant topic to distract from the actual argument.

Slippery Slope

Claiming a small step will inevitably cause a chain of extreme consequences, without showing why.

Special Pleading

Applying a standard generally, then inventing an exception for your own case with no principled reason behind it.

Straw Man

Replacing someone's argument with a weaker version, then knocking down the weaker version.

Tu Quoque

Dismissing a critique by pointing out that the critic is guilty of the same thing.